The Witch Hunts of Salem and McCarthyism essays

The Witch Hunts of Salem and McCarthyism essays Imagine what it would be like to be labeled a Communist for the mere fact that you happened to sport a goatee? It happened in the 1950's McCarthyism period! Doesn't this sound strangely similar to the Salem witch-hunts? Perfectly normal people accused of being witches just because they were seen dancing strangely in the woods. McCarthyism and the Salem witch-hunts were both attempts by power-hungry people to diminish their competition without any concrete evidence. The causes of the Salem witchcraft trials and "McCarthyism" were irrational fears that witchcraft and communism were going to infiltrate society if drastic measures were not taken. Once the idea that witchcraft might be going on got started, the behavior of normal citizens was open to suspicion of witchcraft. Likewise, the real fear of a Communist take-over had Americans in the 1950's so frightened; some believed that their neighbors might be spies because McCarthy was planting this suspicion so strongly into their minds. Once the hysteria began, it snowballed out of control. In the Salem witch hunts two young girls, Betty Paris and Abigail Williams, were exhibiting strange behavior and were diagnosed to have been touched by the hand of the devil. When pressured to reveal the witch or witches who had caused this, the young girls named several outcasts of society. These accused witches were guilty until they prove their innocence. Many were tortured until they confessed they were in fact witches, so they did not have to endure any more pain. A few who admitted their guilt were spared, while the rest were quickly executed. These confessions became the "proof" of the existence of witches. The hysteria of McCarthyism began when Senator Joseph McCarthy landed a series of highly publicized investigations that intended to bring forward Communists in the State Department and Hollywood. McCarthy eventually lets his "Red Scare" get out of control and said the U.S. A...

Aluminum or Aluminium Element Facts

Aluminum or Aluminium Element Facts Aluminum Basic Facts: Symbol: AlAtomic Number: 13Atomic Weight: 26.981539Element Classification: Basic MetalCAS Number: 7429-90-5 Aluminum Periodic Table Location Group: 13Period: 3Block: p Aluminum Electron Configuration Short Form: [Ne]3s23p1Long Form: 1s22s22p63s23p1Shell Structure: 2 8 3 Aluminum Discovery History: Alum (potassium aluminum sulfate- KAl(SO4)2) has been used since ancient times. It was used in tanning, dyeing, and as an aid to stop minor bleeding and even as an ingredient in baking powder. In 1750, German chemist Andreas Marggraf found a technique to produce a new form of alum without the sulfur. This substance was called alumina, which is known as aluminum oxide (Al2O3) today. Most contemporary chemists of the time believed alumina was an earth of a previously unknown metal. Aluminum metal was finally isolated in 1825 by Danish chemist Hans Christian Ørsted (Oersted). German chemist Friedrich Wà ¶hler attempted unsuccessfully to reproduce Ørsteds technique and found an alternate method that also produced metallic aluminum two years later. Historians differ on who should receive credit for the discovery.Name: Aluminum derives its name from alum. The Latin name for alum is alumen meaning bitter salt.Note on Naming: Sir Humphry Davy proposed the name aluminum for th e element, however, the name aluminium was adopted to conform with the ium ending of most elements. This spelling is in use in most countries. Aluminium was also the spelling in the U.S. until 1925 when the American Chemical Society officially decided to use the name aluminum instead. Aluminum Physical Data State at room temperature (300 K): SolidAppearance: soft, light, silvery white metalDensity: 2.6989 g/ccDensity at Melting Point: 2.375 g/ccSpecific Gravity: 7.874 (20  °C)Melting Point: 933.47 K, 660.32  °C, 1220.58  °FBoiling Point: 2792 K, 2519  °C, 4566  °FCritical Point: 8550 KHeat of Fusion: 10.67 kJ/molHeat of Vaporization: 293.72 kJ/molMolar Heat Capacity: 25.1 J/mol ·KSpecific Heat: 24.200 J/g ·K (at 20  °C) Aluminum Atomic Data Oxidation States (Bold most common): 3, 2, 1Electronegativity: 1.610Electron Affinity: 41.747 kJ/molAtomic Radius: 1.43 Ã…Atomic Volume: 10.0 cc/molIonic Radius: 51 (3e)Covalent Radius: 1.24 Ã…First Ionization Energy: 577.539 kJ/molSecond Ionization Energy: 1816.667 kJ/molThird Ionization Energy: 2744.779 kJ/mol Aluminum Nuclear Data Number of isotopes: Aluminum has 23 known isotopes ranging from 21Al to 43Al. Only two occur naturally. 27Al is the most common, accounting for nearly 100% of all natural aluminum. 26Al is nearly stable with a half-life of 7.2 x 105 years and is only found in trace amounts naturally. Aluminum Crystal Data Lattice Structure: Face-Centered CubicLattice Constant: 4.050 Ã…Debye Temperature: 394.00 K Aluminum Uses Ancient Greeks and Romans used alum as an astringent, for medicinal purposes, and as a mordant in dyeing. It is used in kitchen utensils, exterior decorations, and thousands of industrial applications. Although the electrical conductivity of aluminum is only about 60% that of copper per area of cross section, aluminum is used in electrical transmission lines because of its light weight. The alloys of aluminum are used in the construction of aircraft and rockets. Reflective aluminum coatings are used for telescope mirrors, making decorative paper, packaging, and many other uses. Alumina is used in glassmaking and refractories. Synthetic ruby and sapphire have applications in producing coherent light for lasers. Miscellaneous Aluminum Facts Aluminum is the 3rd most abundant element in the Earths crust.Aluminum was once called the Metal of Kings because pure aluminum was more expensive to produce than gold until the Hall-Heroult process was discovered.Aluminum is the most widely used metal after iron.The primary source of aluminum is the ore bauxite.Aluminum is paramagnetic.The top three countries that mine aluminum ore are Guinea, Australia and Vietnam. Australia, China and Brazil lead the world in aluminum production.The IUPAC adopted the name aluminium in 1990 and in 1993 recognized aluminum as an acceptable option for the elements name.Aluminum requires a lot of energy to separate from its ore. Recycling aluminum only requires only 5% of that energy to produce the same amount.Aluminum can be rusted or oxidized by mercury.Rubies are aluminum oxide crystals where some aluminum atoms have been replaced by chromium atoms.A piece of jewelry in the tomb of the 3rd Century Chinese general Chou-Chu has been found to contain 85% aluminum. Historians do not know how the ornament was produced. Aluminum is used in fireworks to make produce sparks and white flames. Aluminum is a common component of sparklers. References: CRC Handbook of Chemistry Physics (89th Ed.), National Institute of Standards and Technology, History of the Origin of the Chemical Elements and Their Discoverers, Norman E. Holden 2001.

Population, Resources, Environment, and Health [in the Developing Essay

Population, Resources, Environment, and Health [in the Developing World] - Essay Example Lindsay (2001, March) states that if the â€Å"current growth rate of 77 million new people a year† continues, it will lead to the nine billion in 2050 resulting in increased food, clothing, shelter and healthcare requirements in developing countries which are already deficient in these essentials (see Figure 1). A strong and effective strategy is required to slow down the population growth in developing countries. And this has to be done without affecting their economic, social and political strength. The main reason of higher fertility rate has to be considered first. The nations need to be educated about family planning methods and contraceptive techniques without making a taboo of this issue. But in order to start family planning programs and modernize the nation, the country will have to take loans from the developed world, so the developing countries also need to be supported economically so that they implement such programs that educate the nation to keep birth rate low. Energy. Developing countries do not have access to renewable energy which is directly related to the living standards. Australian Agency for International Development (2000) affirms that â€Å"in rural areas, particularly in remote locations, transmission and distribution of energy generated from fossil fuels can be difficult and expensive†. Thus, renewable energy is a good solution for these areas so as to meet the increasing demands effectively. Wind power. As fossil fuel supplies are small in developing countries, wind power requirement is increasing as the population grows. Wind power if used as a renewable resource will bring energy to even the remotest areas and it can also be converted to electrical and mechanical forms of energy. For developing countries, this is also economical. Water. Though water can be renewed to meet the demands, still the renewability can be done only to a certain limit. Thus, the increasing water requirements can be fulfilled only to a

Industry and the united states Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Industry and the united states - Essay Example The hand made products were then replaced by the factory products thus making them more accessible and more affordable to the Americans. The process of industrial revolution started in Great Britain when machinery was invented to replace human labor while fossil fuel to replace wind, water and wood (Alam 23). The full impact industrialization was fully felt when the use of machine spread to other corners of the globe in around 1800AD. This led to comprehensive rises in production capacity that affected all the basic human needs from food production, housing and clothing among others. Industrial revolution opened the American economy to merge with the world economy thus initiating the exchange of goods and services between them and different countries. These also paved ways for the establishment of economies, which promoted their businesses and made them to expand and conquer the global economy. The ability of the Americans to dominate the seas allowed their merchants to displace othe r from the world trade system thus benefiting them greatly. The creation of the world economy was a result of industrialization that greatly benefited the Americans as they get ready market for their goods, most of which were of superior quality (Vitiello 21). Industrialized Lives Industrialization prompted a movement for rural life to urban life resulting to urbanization in the American states. Others who could not sustain the lavish urban life remained in slums resulting in the development of social classes and segregation of individuals. The introduction of new technology in areas of agriculture resulted in improvements in production of foods and increased trade. The tools produced from industries provided the platform for the Americans to increase their production techniques in their farming fields. The average women in America also took advantage of the opportunities presented by industrialization in America to advance socially, economically and politically (Cancian, Goodman & Smith, 14). They left the traditional women chores of cooking meals, and taking care of other household duties to engage in business and to work in the industries. The demands of workers for the factories initiated women's empowerment programs to enable them work in these factories in the same capacity as men. Women got a glimpse of the life at work, compared it with the traditional household duties, and resulted to a new dimension in family relationships. The industries also took advantage of the situation and reduce the wages since women worked for lower wages than men. This initiated the idea that women are of same competency as men and they begin to advocate for equal opportunity with men in workplaces. Industrialization led to segregation of people into different age groups especially through the blacks and the whites. The blacks who are the minority were often looked down upon at the expense of the whites with respect to the opportunities that were availed by industries. Areas dominated by the white population got attention form the government than those dominated by other races. The Native American thus greatly benefited from government incentives at the expense of the black population (Wythe 11). Industry and Population Growth The entrance of industries saw a sharp increase in population growth in the United States. The population in the United Sta

Gm Foods Essay -- essays research papers

Genetically Modified Foods: Harmful to Nature   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The process of Genetically Modified (GM) Foods is the way of the future, it is promised to help eliminate world hunger across the world. Genetically modified foods are going to create a healthier, drought resistant crops which do not need any sprayed chemicals, but that is not the case. Genetically Modified Foods, are unsafe because of the many organisms in the food that may affect the body, which has not been identified yet. It is estimated that 2/3 of the United States supermarket may contain Genetically Modified Foods, or Genetically Modified ingredients. Genetically Modified Foods can cause allergies, destroy ecosystems, and are dangerous to eat. Therefore they should not be allowed to distribute them in our supermarkets. Genetically Modified Foods are a health hazard and will not improve anything except create more world issues.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Genetically Modified Foods should not be mistaken with Hybrid crops. Hybrid crops are plants whom breed with other plants producing a better offspring, for the consumtion of the consumer. Genetically Modified Foods are plants that have had their DNA tampered or mixed with another gene or chemical, producing a brand new strand of DNA. It is believed that when mixing the DNA and genes in Genetically Modified Foods is that, it will create a better nutritious long lasting fruit or plant for the consumer. Producing new strands of DNA can be deadly, as it can produce wild outcomes that may not be able to be controlled. What the unknown is that, the consequences maybe deadly to the consumer, it is unknown how the human body can react the tampered food.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Previously stated, Genetically Modified Foods have probably been eaten already at least once by the population. Once again 2/3 of America has genetically modified foods in thier supermarket. With a high percentage, people wonder what the long term effects may be in the long run in food consumption. The crop most altered is the Soy Bean, the 2nd most altered crop is Corn. Soy Bean is an ingredient used in almost everything we eat or consume, it is found in milk, candies, cookies, bread, ice cream, and even baby food. This means Genetically modified foods can be in anything we eat and we wont even know it, nor does it make the food smell or taste any ... ...t the balance of the ecosystem, and if an specie is unable to survive, it will cause the food chain to collapse.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since Genetically Modified ingredients aren't listed on nutrition labels, any extra iron or vitamin A will be unknown to the consumer. The consumer will be unaware of the danger he or she may put herself into if she has a weak metabolism. A consumer may look at a label and think everything is perfectly fine but is unaware of da extra iron in the product produced by the Genetically Modified soybeans. Too much iron in a body can cause neurological brain damage. Other similar incidents may occur if the consumers body is weak and cannot consume nor react properly to an overdose of a certain nutrient.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Until Genetically Modified Foods are safe to consume by any organism, they should not be produced or sold to the consumer. Consumers are unaware of the food they are buying if it is labelled, and are unaware of the health risk they are putting themselves in. With all the problems around G.M Foods, they is no reason to be growing, manufacturing, or selling Genetically Modified Foods, without letting the consumer know.

Jewish Sexual Ethics Essay

Sexual Ethics are integral to Judaism because they provided direct guidance on how to behave morally and in accordance with the Torah and God. Although, over many years Jews were suffering from persecution, they are currently showing stability which can be attributed to the framework that is outlined through the strong ethics that they uphold. Sexual ethics provide guidance on how to behave morally, righteously and in accordance to the Torah as well as preventing promiscuity, infidelity, immorality and sexual acts which hinder the constancy of Judaism. The teachings on Adultery, homosexuality, contraception and pre-marital sex provide a framework for Jewish conduct through re-iterating the principle beliefs of monogamy, procreation, fidelity and the covenant made between Moses, Abraham and God in a practical manner. Sexually ethical conduct is essential as it promotes behaviour that is respectful, consensual, faithful, morally correct and righteous. Sexually ethical conduct provides Judaism with moral framework for procreation, fidelity and the ability to maintain faith. Adultery is the most valued sexual ethical teaching in Judaism because it breaks the covenant made between Abraham and Moses and defies the principle beliefs of love and fidelity. Adultery directly defies the Jewish belief of love, commitment and the sacred institution of marriage and is immoral because it put in jeopardy the family unit which disintegrates love between partners and inturn breaks honest and trust. In addition to this, as monotheists, Jews believe in fidelity and procreation and adultery damages and destabilises the social framework for Jewish conduct thus providing behaviour that is evil and unethical. The universal condemnation of adultery by Orthodox, Conservative, Reform and Liberal Jews indicates that adultery is immoral as it breaks the word of God. The united stance on adultery reflects the value of marriage and this is evident in the Torah where it states, â€Å"Do not commit adultery† in the Ten Commandments. This is further emphasised in the commandment, â€Å"You shall not covet your neighbours wife. † Furthermore, the universal condemnation of adultery by all Jewish variants reflects Jewish beliefs as t protects society from promiscuity, disease and deformed birth which have the potential to jeopardise the framework for Jewish conduct and hence continue the tradition in stability and morality. This results in society being spiritually and ritually clean, also promote the belief of fidelity and honesty, which will inturn encourage Judaism to be moral and stable. Sexually ethical conduct is crucial promotes the beliefs in God’s true intentions; that love was between a man and a woman. In addition to this, the morality and stability of Judaism is affected by the restriction of procreation which comes with the act of homosexuality. The importance of life and procreation is clearly evident in the Jewish stance on homosexuality as Jewish religion and community is against homosexuality, regarding it as sinful, whether gay or lesbian, as it destabilises the framework for Jewish conduct. Homosexuality is not the ideal state in Judaism and is a challenge to the ideal of marriage and family as it inhibits longevity and continuity of the tradition thus destabilising the religion through immoral acts. It is important to note that it is homosexual acts, not homosexual orientations that are forbidden as Judaism focuses on a person’s actions rather than a person’s desires. In addition to this, it defies sodomy, hence promoting the principle beliefs of fidelity and ritual cleanliness. Homosexuality defies the direct word of God to ‘Go forth and multiply’ (Genesis 1:28), because it promotes infidelity, ritual uncleanliness and consequently jeopardising the framework for Jewish conduct. This can be reinforced as stated it Leviticus, â€Å"No man is to have sexual relations with another man, God hates that†. (18:22). Such an act is condemned in the strongest possible terms as it is abhorrent and is punishable by death by the Orthodox Jews. The Orthodox stance on homosexuality can be reinforced as Leviticus states, â€Å"If a man lies with a man as one lies with a woman, both of them have done what is detestable. They must be put to death† (20:13). Furthermore, progressive and conservative jews are more likely to accept homosexuality, but those who are homosexual are discouraged from practising and expressing their inclination. The act of homosexuality may not be an ideal state in Judaism but due to modern advancements, is slowly making its way into becoming accepted. Sexually ethical conduct is essential as it allows Jews to follow a framework that has established the belief in the need for procreation. The act of spilling seed directly defies and destabilises the belief in procreation and the right to bear children with your partner. In addition to this, the act of contraception defies the mitzvah to marry, procreate and have children. The methods of contraception allowed under Jewish law are those that don’t damage the sperm or prevent it from getting to the intended destination, such as contraceptive pill. This is because the Tenakh states that God wanted humans to populate the earth. The religious view on birth control is based on the principle that it is a commandment to marry and have children and it is forbidden to â€Å"waste seed†. This law is based on the story of Onan (Gen 38:8-10) who was killed by God for practicing coitus interruptus as a means of birth control. Contraception also interferes with procreation, taught in the first commandment of the Torah; â€Å"Be fruitful and multiply†. Furthermore, reformed and liberal Jews allow birth control for a large number of reasons, such a reason may be when the pregnancy may in anyway harm the carrier of the baby. However, Orthodox Jews are more restrictive and believe that contraception shouldn’t be used for selfish reasons or to completely avoid having children. Through this sexual ethical teaching, Judaism has been able to maintain a framework by which it can remain in a righteous and unwavering state. Sexually ethical conduct is fundamental to the stability and morality of Judaism as it provides guidelines to the correct way to treat marriage and the fact that it is disrespectful to defy the belief in love and marriage. In additions to this, acts that defy love are considered insolent and go against the moral framework that guides Judaism. Judaism believes in the importance of marriage in the development and completeness of the human being and that a person must take responsibility for the partner and relationships must continue. Thus, Judaism doesn’t permit sexual relations between partners prior to marriage, as a sexual act itself is such a powerful force in defining a relationship. A sexual failure can destroy a relationship despite prior declarations of love. The only way to ensure that there will be some degree of responsibility after sex through the act of marriage. In the Torah, the word used for sex means â€Å"to know†, which indicates that Jews believed sex involved the heart and mind as well as the body. The divine idea that a man and woman are to become â€Å"one flesh† (Gen 2:24), indicated sacred elements presents, the sexual act symbolising the union of those created in God’s image. Thus, all strains of Judaism view sex as permissible only within the sanctity of marriage. This view enables Judaism to remain honest and secure because of the framework that they follow. To conclude, Sexual Ethics are vital to Judaism because they provided direct guidance on how to behave morally and in accordance with the Torah and God. Sexual ethics as demonstrated and described in the Torah include Adultery, Homosexuality, Contraception and Pre-marital sex. Each of these plays a pivotal role in providing a framework for the conduct that Jews must follow to ensure that the tradition may continue in stability and morality.

“How Happy Is The Blameless Vestal’S Lot. The World...

â€Å"How happy is the blameless vestal’s lot The world forgetting, by the world forgot. Eternal sunshine of the spotless mind! Each pray’r accepted, and each wish resign’d.† The quote stated above by Alexander Pope in simple term is highlighting that idea â€Å"Ignorance is bliss†. Vestal refers to a Roman goddess or a virgin priestess. He is stating their fate; being virgins in a temple is a happy one (not having sex or keeping away from any form of corruption); who devote their life to God cutting off from the world and are happy due to their ignorance. They forget about the world and the world forgets about them, neither needing to think for each other. And a mind that doesn’t dwell in the past and the emotions that come with it is a true†¦show more content†¦She also resents and grieves over the damage that was caused to Abelard’s reputation in her professional life and as a scholar. This painful situation causes her to plead for forgetfulness both of her unconditional love and the pain it has caused her. The themes of Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind are very similar to Eloisa to Abelard. Eternal Sunshine is a love story and clear binary opposition (Graeme Turner, 104) The theme in Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind is a guy named Joel who is withdrawn and introverted discovers that his long- timed girlfriend Clementine, who is eccentric and extroverted decides to undergo a Psychiatrist experimental procedure in which she will able to remove her memories of Joel and their toxic relationship. Clementine is also described as an impulsive person and chooses to remove her memory of Joel after an intense argument they have. The couple has tried to make their relationship work for years but they are unable to due to communication problems and trust issues. Joel is stunned to discover that his girlfriend has had her memories of their turbulent relationship erased. After finding out about what Clementine had done he gets very upset and out of desperation he also reaches out to the same doctor to have his memories removed too of his toxic relationship. As Joel is going th rough the process of getting his memories removed, he begins to regret his decision as he beings to