Some things you need to know about Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay Example for Free

Some things you need to know about Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay In Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, the definition of the monstrous is both entirely obvious and entirely ambiguous. Frankenstein’s creation, often dubbed ‘Frankenstein’s monster,’ is at once both innocent and murderous; corrupted and corrupting. The discrepancy between the different aspects of his nature can be read in the very definition of the word monster as it has developed over time. The definition of ‘monster’ is â€Å"Originally: a mythical creature which is part animal and part human, or combines elements of two or more animal forms and is frequently of great size and ferocious appearance. Later, more generally: an imaginary creature that is large, ugly, and frightening† (OED). This definition is particularly apt in studying the monstrous in Frankenstein, as it demonstrates the extent to which the creature labeled a ‘monster’ is construed to be something morally and physically disturbing because of its combination of elements from numerous animal forms. Being â€Å"of great size and ferocious appearance† alone would not constitute cause for moral connotations about the creature, and yet the present monstrosity also encompasses fear. It is this fear that ultimately makes the creature a monster, rather than his appearance or any innate moral compass. This essay will seek to demonstrate how Frankenstein’s creature is used to explore morality through his creation and animation, his namelessness, loneliness, and death. Finally, it will examine possible connections between Shelley’s characterization of Frankenstein and the creature, as the two are inextricably linked—not only by their relationship as creator and created, but also according to their logic, their desires, and the consequences of each of their choices throughout the novel. Firstly, the way in which Frankenstein assembles his creature is a substantial and significant part of the novel and should be closely examined. Frankenstein’s own life is put entirely on hold while he obsesses over the dark and mysterious discovery that he has made. After he makes his discovery about the creation of life, Frankenstein says, â€Å"Who shall conceive the horrors of my secret toil as I dabbled among the unhallowed damps of the grave or tortured the living animal to animate lifeless clay?† (Shelley, 46). The phrase, â€Å"the horrors of my secret toil† heavily emphasizes Frankenstein’s isolation and obsession, as he put himself under such immense stress with the scientific project that he frequently became ill. The secrecy of his project also shows how he cut himself off from his family and friends, not even writing home or attempting any social activity or life outside of his own study. In this, he loses sight of humanity, and as such he loses sight of beauty. This results in the utterly fragmented identity of his creation. At the moment of its animation, Frankenstein says, â€Å"How can I†¦ delineate the wretch whom with such infinite pains and care I had endeavored to form? His limbs were in proportion, and I had selected his features as beautiful. Beautiful! Great God† (60). Despite Victor’s greatest efforts to create something beautiful, it is clear that he focused too much on the task at hand, and upon each individual part of his appearance, rather than on the holistic nature of his creation. Victor has essentially focused more on the scientific side of his creation than upon his responsibility, as its creator, to also endow a sense of humanity. The creature is not only comprised of corpses, but of animal parts, and while he has taken care to ensure that â€Å"His limbs were in proportion,† he has entirely ignored the importance of the body as a whole, which is made up of parts that do not match. As such, he has created a monster. This foreshadows the way in which Victor, by focusing solely on the scientific endeavor and not its results, essentially causes the creature to become the monster that he perceives it to be. This will be further discussed with regards to the effects of loneliness on both Frankenstein and his creature. Another important aspect of the Frankenstein’s act of creation is that it encompasses both birth and death in one terrifying spectacle. As Frankenstein has not been able to manufacture a body himself, he has instead relied wholly on taking various body parts from both animal and human corpses in order to piece a body together. This means that while the body is comprised of the dead, it is also the birthplace of new life. The irony of this is not lost upon the narrating Frankenstein, seen in the previous quote: â€Å"I dabbled among the unhallowed damps of the grave or tortured the living animal to animate the lifeless clay† (46). The culmination of both death and life in this strange creature is another aspect of its fragmented identity. Throughout Shelley’s Frankenstein, Frankenstein’s so-called monster is given a slew of insulting and hateful names. These are given to him by the villagers who chase him away, and more notably, by Frankenstein himself. The creature is never ascribed a name, instead being referred to as â€Å"creature,† â€Å"fiend,† â€Å"spectre,† â€Å"demon,† â€Å"wretch,† â€Å"devil,† â€Å"thing,† â€Å"being,† and â€Å"ogre† (Baldick). The lack of a name given to the creature does not only demonstrate that Frankenstein does not consider him human, though much criticism offers perspectives on this. It is true that it shows the dehumanization of the creature by its creator, but this also forces any critics or readers to similarly dehumanize the creature in discussion of him. By denying him a name, it is impossible for any essay or discussion to fully embrace the human and highly intelligent aspects granted to the crea ture. The repetition of these abstract and possibly overreaching terms emphasizes a lack of identity that is by no means manifest in Shelley’s characterization of the creature. The creature has a distinct personality and development arc throughout the novel, and yet is never referred to inhuman or personal terms. This informs much of the reader’s perspective of the creature, both inciting sympathy and becoming an obstacle to relation to it. Names such as these, especially those such as â€Å"devil,† also have broad moral connotations. While the creature may be truly â€Å"monstrous† in appearance, being comprised of so many and such various parts, large and apparently frightening, nothing of his character or morality can be derived before Frankenstein has already effectively dubbed him as evil. This heavy emphasis on appearances as contributory to perceived morality acts in stark contrast to the way in which Elizabeth’s character is first introduced. Victor’s parents adopt Elizabeth entirely because she is physically beautiful. Frankenstein narrates, â€Å"They consulted their village priest, and the result was that Elizabeth Lavenza became the inmate of my parents’ house—my more than sister—the beautiful and adored companion of all my occupations and my pleasures† (4). Frankenstein also comments that â€Å"Everyone loved Elizabeth† (5). In this way, appearance and perceived character are inextricably linked, and while this works in Elizabeth’s favor, in the case of Frankenstein’s creation it means that he is instantly perceived to be inherently evil because of his outward appearance. While horrific, this appearance is the fault of Frankenstein himself and reflects more on his own ideas of beauty and the necessi ty of scientific progress than it reflects on the genuine character of the creature himself. It is only through this presentation of his character that the creature is perceived to be, and eventually becomes a monster in the later sense of being â€Å"large, ugly, and terrifying† (OED), as he could otherwise have been simply defined in terms of size and the variety of his body parts. These, as well as other factors, ultimately contribute to the corruption of Frankenstein’s monster. While many critics suggest that his immorality may indeed have been somehow innate, it is far more convincing to study Shelley’s Frankenstein as a presentation of how nurture is more important to the development of character that nature. The creature is first abandoned at birth, then chased away by the only people he comes into any kind of contact with—people he comes to trust, and, in a way, love—and finally denied the chance at companionship. He is ultimately alone, the only creature of his kind in existence, and hated and feared by all humanity. While Frankenstein understandably did not have the power to alter the opinions and perceptions of others, he nonetheless had ample opportunity in which to take responsibility for his creation and to teach it morality and show it companionship and love. It is only when these opportunities are repeatedly forsaken th an the creature becomes, morally speaking, a monster. The creature himself argues this point, pointing out, â€Å"No mother had blessed me with smiles and caresses,† and saying to Victor, â€Å"I am thy creature; I ought to be thy Adam but I am rather the fallen angel†¦ I was benevolent and good, misery made me a friend†¦ what hope can I gather from your fellow creature†¦ they spurn and hate me† (78). Perhaps the most tragic aspect of the creature’s character that is being highlighted here is that he is so completely aware of what he lacks, and how he is different. He is aware that he lacked a mother, who may well have provided his education, unconditional love, and companionship. Similarly, he has read Paradise Lost, which provides a detailed analysis of what it means to be loved by one’s creator and be given a companion. God loves Adam despite his sin and provides him with Eve as a wife and partner, which are both denied him by his own cr eator, Frankenstein. The creature’s initial abandonment by Frankenstein is shortly afterward followed by his rejection from the family he learns to love. After the creature leaves Frankenstein’s apartments, he wanders in the woods until he eventually comes across a family upon whom he can spy and learn from. From these people, he learns not only how to communicate, but how to relate to other people. With them, he begins to form some semblance of a life of routine and safety: he is safely hidden and knows that he is in no danger and able to provide for himself, and works out a life for himself around the family’s routine. By watching them, the creature eventually begins to feel as though he is a part of this family. He also begins to feel this because he has been long providing for them, leaving them firewood that he collects in order to show his gratitude for being able to share in their life and home, even if they are not aware of his presence. It is precisely because of this connec tion that the monster feels so utterly betrayed by their rejection. His response to the rejection of this family is initially to rail at Frankenstein, saying, â€Å"Cursed, cursed creator! Why did I live? Why, in that instant, did I not extinguish the spark of existence which you had so wantonly bestowed?† (176). This quotation shows that the creature has a conscience, and is able to regret his actions. He blames Frankenstein for creating him, as well as for abandoning him, and the fact that he describes the act of creation as â€Å"wanton† shows that he does not believe it was a just or wholesome use of science. Continuing to reflect on the rejection that he faced at the hands of this family, the monster then recalls, â€Å"I continued for the remainder of the day in my hovel in a state of utter and stupid despair. My protectors had departed and had broken the only link that held me to the world. For the first time, the feelings of revenge and hatred filled my bosom† (178). The creature’s utter despondency shows his deep emotional connection to the family. In a sense, because he was never raised by a parent or creator, the family had become like a parental, guiding figure to him, showing how to coexist with others and how to live in a way that Frankenstein had so completely neglected. This is highlighted by his calling them â€Å"protectors,† as this word implies an active role of protection. However, the family had not even been aware of the monster’s existence while acting as his protectors, and this shows both the extent of the creature’s desperation for companionship and the pain of rejection by those he hoped would continue to protect him. This is a milestone moment in the development of the monster as a truly monstrous character, as his appearance frightens the family and villagers to the extent that they chase him away. They believe him to be dangerous, and therefore morally corrupt, despite the fact that he is, in reality, extremely young and impressionable. Their fear of him inspires the creature to become something he can be sure of a monster. â€Å"This then was the reward of my benevolence! †¦The feelings of kindness and gentleness which I had entertained but a few moments before gave place to hellish rage and gnashing of teeth. Inflamed by pain, I vowed eternal hatred and vengeance to all mankind† (179). This passage shows the final transition of the creature from innocent, desperate new-born, to a dejected creature seeking to cause pain and enact revenge. However, this transition was not necessarily permanent, as the creature still asks for the chance to begin anew, and offers to show mercy and bec ome benevolent once more, should Frankenstein create for him a companion. The creature proposes that Frankenstein embark on this new project of creation, saying, â€Å"If any being felt emotions of benevolence towards me, I should return them a hundred-fold†¦ I would make peace with the whole kind† (119). This shows that just as the creature has been willing to punish all of humanity for the crimes of his creator, he would also be willing to forgive â€Å"the whole kind† if one human were to show him kindness—even if only under extreme duress. Despite the crimes and wrongdoings of Frankenstein’s monster, it is very problematic to characterize him simply as a monster in the moral sense. While his aspect is clearly repulsive, his physical manifestation is by no means reflective of personality, until he is treated as though it must be. Indeed, Lancaster observes that â€Å"Frankenstein’s Monster represents a less threatening version of the social outsider†¦ because the Monster’s identity disconnects him from humanity† (133-34). This suggests a total reversal of conventional depictions of monstrosity, as the creature is presented as a sympathetic character, rather than as inherently evil. Works Cited Baldick, Chris. In Frankenstein’s shadow: myth, monstrosity, and nineteenth-century writing. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987. Lancaster, Ashley. â€Å"From Frankenstein’s Monster to Lester Ballard: The Evolving Gothic Monster.† The Midwest Quarterly, vol. 49, no. 2, 2008, pp.132-148. â€Å"Monster.† Oxford English Dictionary. Accessed online at www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/121738.Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein. 2nd ed. New York: WW Norton Co, 2011.

Implementation Of Cloud Computing Inside College Campus Information Technology Essay

Implementation Of Cloud Computing Inside College Campus Information Technology Essay CLOUD COMPUTING can represent a unique opportunity to  reduce the costs associated with infrastructure  and can help to accomplish achieve ever greater levels of efficiencies. With Cloud Computing users can access database resources via the Internet from anywhere, for as long as they need, without worrying about any maintenance or management of actual resources. Besides, databases in cloud are very dynamic and scalable.In this paper we discuss on implementing a cloud computing platform that enables Software as a Service (SaaS) to provide a closed box execution environment that guarantees remote execution of programs in a Local Area Network.Inside a college,students can make use of the cloud resources available online, through a simple web interface. INTRODUCTION: Cloud computing provides the facility to access shared resources and common infrastructure,offering services on demand over the network to perform operations that meet changing business needs. The location of physical resources and devices being accessed are typically not known to the end user. It also provides facilities for users to develop, deploy and manage their applications on the cloud, which entails virtualization of resources that maintains and manages itself. DEFINITION: A cloud is a pool of virtualized computer resources. A cloud can: Host a variety of different workloads, including batch-style back-end jobs and interactive, user-facing applications Allow workloads to be deployed and scaled-out quickly through the rapid provisioning of virtual machines or physical machines Support redundant, self-recovering, highly scalable programming models that allow workloads to recover from many unavoidable hardware/software failures Monitor resource use in real time to enable rebalancing of allocations when needed BENEFITS OF CLOUD COMPUTING: CLOUD COMPUTING can represent a unique opportunity to  reduce the costs associated with infrastructure  and can help to accomplish achieve ever greater levels of importantefficiencies. These efficiencies can include not only cost reduction, but also improved access to resources and essential data. The determination as to whether cloud computing services are a good match for your particular business will of course depend the  size of your enterprise, its general needs and your overall sales goals.   Cloud computing, typically entails: High scalability Cloud environments enable servicing of business requirements for larger audiences,through high scalability. Agility The cloud works in the distributed mode environment. It shares resources among users and tasks, while improving efficiency and agility (responsiveness). High availability and reliability Availability of servers is high and more reliable as the chances of infrastructure failure are minimal. Multi-sharing With the cloud working in a distributed and shared mode, multiple users and applications can work more efficiently with cost reductions by sharing common infrastructure. Virtual service Virtual servers seek to encapsulate the server software away from the hardware This includes the OS, the applications, and the storage for that server.Servers end up as mere files stored on a physical box, or in enterprise storage.A virtual server can be serviced by one or more hosts, and one host may house more than one virtual server. Virtual servers can be scaled out easily.If the administrators find that the resources supporting a virtual server are being taxed too much, they can adjust the amount of resources allocated to that virtual server.Server templates can be created in a virtual environment to be used to create multiple, identical virtual servers.Virtual servers themselves can be migrated from host to host almost at will. NEED FOR CLOUD: As an end user, cloud computing lets you run software applications and access data from any place and time, and from any computer; without the need to ever install, upgrade, troubleshoot software applications physically on a local desktop or server. This is one of the most important elements of cloud computing, and why it has become so popular today. In a sense, cloud computing outsources the technical hassles to someone else. It could bring hardware costs down. Cloud computing systems would reduce the need for advanced hardware on the client side You wouldnt need a large hard drive because youd store all your information on a remote computer. Cloud computing gives the option of storing data on someone elses hardware, removing the need for physical space on the front end. CLOUD COMPUTING CHARACTERISTICS: Because cloud computing is related to a number of other technologies, it is best defined by the presence of a number of characteristics. These represent ideals that people want for the applications that run on the cloud: Incremental Scalability: Cloud environments allow users to access additional compute resources on-demand in response to increased application loads. Agility: As a shared resource, the cloud provides flexible, automated management to distribute the computing resources among the clouds users. Reliability and Fault-Tolerance:Cloud environments take advantage of the built-in redundancy of the large numbers of servers that make them up by enabling high levels of availability and reliability for applications that can take advantage of this. Service-oriented: The cloud is a natural home for service-oriented applications, which need a way to easily scale as services get incorporated into other applications. Utility-based: Users only pay for the services they use, either by subscription or transaction-based models. Shared: By enabling IT resources to be consolidated, multiple users share a common infrastructure, allowing costs to be more effectively managed without sacrificing the security of each users data. SLA-driven: Clouds are managed dynamically based on service-level agreements that define policies like delivery parameters, costs, and other factors. APIs: Because clouds virtualize resources as a service they must have an application programming interface (API). TYPES OF CLOUD: Public Cloud A public cloud is one based on the standard cloud computing model, in which a service provider makes resources, such as applications and storage, available to the general public over the Internet. Public cloud services may be free or offered on a pay-per-usage model. The main benefits of using a public cloud service are: Easy and inexpensive set-up because hardware, application and bandwidth costs are covered by the provider. Scalability to meet needs. No wasted resources because you pay for what you use. The term public cloud arose to differentiate between the standard model and the private cloud, which is a proprietary network or data center that uses cloud computing technologies, such a virtualization. A private cloud is managed by the organization it serves. A third model, the hybrid cloud, is maintained by both internal and external providers. Examples of public clouds include Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), IBMs Blue Cloud, Sun Cloud, Google AppEngine and Windows Azure Services Platform. Hybrid cloud A hybrid cloud is a cloud computing environment in which an organization provides and manages some resources in-house and has others provided externally. Although cloud computing is often said to be the future of the industry, the hybrid model is more prevalent for a number of reasons. Large enterprises often already have substantial investments in the infrastructure required to provide resources in-house. Furthermore, many organizations would prefer to keep sensitive data under their own control to ensure security. Private cloud This cloud computing environment resides within the boundaries of an organization and is used exclusively for the organizations benefits. These are also called internal clouds. They are built primarily by IT departments within enterprises who seek to optimize utilization of infrastructure resources within the enterprise by provisioning the infrastructure with applications using the concepts of grid and virtualization. Advantages They improve average server utilization, allow usage of low-cost servers and hardware while providing higher efficiencies; thus reducing the costs that a greater number of servers would otherwise entail High levels of automation, reducing operations costs and administrative overheads Common Services. Some products offer Internet-based services-such as storage, middleware, collaboration, and database capabilities-directly to users. SaaS. Software-as-a-service products provide a complete, turnkey application-including complex programs such as those for CRM or enterprise-resource management-via the Internet. PaaS. Platform-as-a-service products offer a full or partial development environment that users can access and utilize online, even in collaboration with others. IaaS. Infrastructure-as-a-service products deliver a full computer infrastructure via the Internet. CLOUD WITHIN CAMPUS: When the concept of cloud computing is applied to  web hosting, the result can be a technology that lets users scale resources on the fly, and make  changes according to usage and the particular needs  of the enterprise in real time. Thus, as your traffic fluctuates, the  hosting package  can be adjusted to ensure maximum efficiency and minimum waste. This flexibility allows  businesses  to reduce overhead by only investing in the hosting power they actually need, without incurring downtime or overage charges by driving servers beyond capacity.Instead of getting individual cluster for each and every deparment in our college ,We propose that cloud power can be utilised according to their need by hosting the service in local LAN of college SPECIFICATION: TYPE OF CLOUD: PRIVATE CLOUD Private cloud is implemented within college campus thereby enabling students to Execute complex jobs inside college. Reduce the cost of getting higher-end machines. Avoid wastage of resources through sharing of computing resources. Provide transparency to users. SERVICES PROVIDED: SaaS (Software as a Service) Our web interface application is hosted as a service provided to students belonging to various departments inside college. WORKING OF COMPONENTS: Figure : PHASES: Program submission. Upload program to database server. Processing inside cloud. Return result to client browser. PROGRAM SUBMISSION(FRONT END): The student can submit complex programs like MPI from anywhere inside the local area network through the browser.The programs are entered through the HTML front end on the client browser as shown in the screen shot below UPLOAD PROGRAM TO DATABASE SERVER: Tomcat can be used to implement a java servlet that uploads the program based on user input..Tomcat serves as a back-end which handles requests passed to it from a general purpose web server such as Apache. PROCESSING INSIDE CLOUD: The uploaded program is shared among the nodes.On the back end of the system are the various computers, servers and data storage systems that create the cloud of computing services. The MPI specification allows users to create portable libraries that can take advantage of multiple processors to provide high performance. An increasing number of implementations covering most common platforms are becoming available.MPI is well-suited to a range of environments and can function using multiple processors in a single high-performance computer as well as across a network of lower-powered machines. For complex programs like MPI programs, once the user submits the job, the user will be prompted to enter the number of nodes required by the user for the computation. Thus the user is given the priviledge to choose the number of nodes After job submission, the agent, starts running automatically.It is the component running on the worker nodes. Initially, it has to determine the local system parameters that are essential for job selection and execution.These are the installed memory, the CPU architecture, the availability of some runtime environments and the operating system. It starts the working loop with a query to the server for a job.If the server responds with the copy of the file to be executed, the agent downloads the specified files. The agent starts the job with low operating system process priority and waits for its completion.During the execution,it periodically contacts the server to submit the heartbeat. When the job is finished without any error, all result files and the standard/error out data are uploaded to the server. If all the files are transferred successfully, a final commit is sent to the server.Then and only then, the job is accepted as successfully done and the agent proceeds by waiting for the next job from the server. RETURN RESULT TO CLIENT BROWSER: The computed results are sent back to the client browser. Screenshot: IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS:    Programming language Used: Java    Web Server Used: Apache-tomcat 5.5    Automation of execution is done using: Shell script    Web interface Request Handler: Servlet      Front end: HTML    Database Connector: libmysql-java (jdbc driver for mysql)    Back-end: Mysql 5.0.51a-24 ADVANTAGES: Reduced Cost: Each department need not invest in buying separate servers.The cloud technology will supplement clusters at each department with a single powerful server for all purposes. Increased Storage Sutdents can store more data than on private computer systems.Thus individual computers need not be high-end powerful machines. Highly Automated  The work of compilation and execution will be completely automated. Flexibility Cloud computing offers much more flexibility than past computing methods because a number of services are provided to the user just with a machine and a browser. More Mobility   Students can access server resources wherever they are, rather than having to remain at their desks. CONCLUSION: Cloud computing is the big wave in computing. It has many benefits, such as better hardware management, since all the computers are the same and run the same hardware. It also provides for  better and easier management of data. Thus implementing cloud within a college campus will definitely help in all means.

The Send-Off, by Wilfred Owen Essay -- English Literature:

The Send-Off, by Wilfred Owen, is an ironic and dark humored description of how the soldiers The Send-Off The Send-Off, by Wilfred Owen, is an ironic and dark humored description of how the soldiers we’re sent off to the battlefront, during World War I (keyword â€Å"The Send-Off†). In this poem, Owen conveys to us that the soldiers are being sent to their doom. From the very start we sense the soldiers’ lost fate. The soldiers go to the train, they are singing joyfully, as if they are being sent to a country picnic, but of course the narration is omniscient, we know what lies ahead of them, and so simultaneously the lanes are darkening around them. Secondly, the soldiers are surrounded by wreath and spray, a wreath and a spray are decorative flower arrangements usually plac...

Literary Elements and Time Setting in Ethan Frome Essay -- essays rese

Ethan Frome Love does not always have happy endings. People can fall in and out of love as easily as changing clothes. "Ethan Frome," a novel by Edith Wharton, explains how a married man named Ethan struggles on with his life, secretly distracted by the yearning for his wife's cousin, Mattie Silver. The author uses literary elements and time setting in the story. Wharton has been generous in using literary elements in the novel. She has put together senses of personification and similies to thoroughly describe the plot of the story. In personifying the kitchen ornaments, the author uses "...-were hastily refreshing themselves at one corner of the supper-table which aligned its devastated pie dishes and ice cream saucers on the platform at the end of the hall." In this selection, Whar...

Medicine, Metaphysics and Morals Essay -- Ethics Health Medical Essays

Medicine, Metaphysics and Morals ABSTRACT: Moral decisions concerning what ought to be done always assume metaphysical presuppositions concerning the way the world is. In the field of biomedical ethics, some of the metaphysical presuppositions underlying many current discussions of issues of life and death seem particularly implausible. These include our assumption of the reality of social atomism and our beliefs relating to the possibility of autonomy. Given the implausibility of these two assumptions, many discussions have focused our attention on the wrong issues by reducing questions of alternative social practices to questions of individual preferences. Far from facilitating intelligent solutions to our problems, this merely clouds the issues involved. Obviously decisions about what ought to be done in any given circumstance presuppose the acceptance of beliefs regarding what can in fact be done. In short moral judgments presuppose metaphysical commitments, beliefs about the way the world is. Unfortunately, social pressures in most modern societies militate against the open admission of any metaphysical commitments on the part of persons involved in making moral judgments in the field of applied ethics known as biomedical ethics. Ethical decisions in the area of medicine need to be seen as acceptable to as large a segment of the community as possible. However, since the community in most modern societies is remarkably heterogeneous with respect to assumptions concerning the way the world is, any explicit reference to metaphysical assumptions on the part of one discussing biomedical ethics is apt to be challenged by at least some members of the community. Hence those involved in discussions of biomedical ethics tend to ... ..., 2nd ed. Veatch London: Jones and Bartlett 1997, p.33. (15) Beauchamp, T. - "Informed Consent" in Medical Ethics ed. Veatch London: Jones and Bartlett. 1997. p 195. (16) Hendin, H. - Seduced by Death: Doctors, Patients, and the Dutch Care. New York: W.W. Norton 1997 p. 157. (17) Pellegrino, E.D. - "The Place of Intention in the Moral Assessment of Assisted Suicide and Active Euthanasia" in Intending Death: The Ethics of Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia ed. Beauchamp, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall 1996. (18) Ibid. (19) Ibid. (20) Hardwig - op cit. p 34-35 (21) For Example see: Brody, H. - "The Physician-Patient Relationship" in Medical Ethics. Second Ed. Veatch London: Jones and Bartlett 1997 pp. 75-79. (22) Chamblis, D.F.- Beyond Caring: Hospitals, Nurses, and the Social Organization of Ethics, Chicago 1996, University of Chicago Press p. 165.

Cognitive Aging Reflection Paper

Patrick Byrnes Dev. Psych 10/18/2012 Reflection on using it†¦or losing it In â€Å"what and When of Cognitive Aging† I immediately took issue with the fact that Salthouse used participants â€Å"recruited through newspaper advertisements, appeals to community groups†¦all with approximately 16 years of education†. I feel that this sampling would inherently create a sampling error. I feel that schooler was right in addressing the sub-groups of different types of work force variable plus time in work force.The participants in Salthouses study were anything but random, and never took into consideration the type of work (cognitive challenging or not) and amount of time in the workforce or whether still in the workforce. A group of doctors and professors might who worked well past legal retirement age might produce a much more varied result then say a group of business people, or factory workers. Although it should be noted that Schooler noted this in her paper and said that her finding were negative for impact of intellectual flexibility.I also take some issue with the coding for the â€Å"cigarette commercial† question posed by Schooler. While points were awarded for the person who could come up with both sides of an argument, and none for the person who could think of no reason, it does little to elaborate for the person who can only give one argument against the commercials seeing that would fit into today’s paradigm that cigarettes are a carcinogen and inherently bad for the user and nearby nonsmokers as well.Both papers it should be noted are based in cognitive psychology/theory. Relying heavily on scientific modeling and statistical evidence to use as evidence and draw conclusions from, in most all of the statistical models most of the data has been adjusted then sometime readjusted to accommodate multifactorial functions. Something one would not see with Freud, psychosocial studies, or classical conditioning, at least not to this degree and intricacy.Another idea that caught my attention was that the idea that some cognitive degradation will be camouflaged due to the fact that the aging adult modifies their behavior to overcome or avoid the growing deficiency. This would make it plausible for a type of â€Å"micro† black swan theory/event where surround family and friends did not see the ailing person’s disability until some calamitous event, only afterwards were all the signs actually seeable.

Authoritarian Pmr Screed

AUTHORITARIAN PMR SCREED You will make yourself comfortable†¦ Once feeling comfortable and safe in your chosen place†¦ You will close your eyes†¦ Listen to my voice†¦ Any noises in the background are unimportant†¦ From now on, you will only hear my voice†¦ Concentrate on your breathing†¦ Breathe in†¦ Hold it for a few seconds†¦ Breathe out†¦ Notice how each breath in, is equal to the amount of time it takes to breathe out†¦ Repeat this one more time†¦ Now you are going to relax your mind and body by allowing any tension to flow from your head, to the extremities of your toes†¦ Keep concentrating†¦ You are in control†¦ You will be in control throughout this session†¦Continue with your breathing as you would normally †¦ Now relax the muscles in your scalp†¦ Think of your present position†¦ Your purpose for this exercise†¦ Your head is getting heavier and more relaxed†¦ Your subconscious mind will start to imagine the rest of your body relaxing, in order for you to achieve your set goal and reason to be here today. Let the muscles in your eyes relax†¦ Let the muscles in your ears relax†¦ Relax your nasal muscle†¦ Relax your mouth muscles†¦ Loosen your tongue†¦ Feel your palate with your tongue and relax, letting your tongue drop to the base of your mouth†¦ Keep your teeth unclenched†¦ Feel your facial muscles†¦ Relax your facial muscles†¦ continue with your breathing in†¦ and out†¦ You are now much more relaxed†¦ You are in control†¦ I will mention all the other muscles and parts of your body†¦ As you are in control†¦ And in contact with your own powerful subconscious you will feel completely relaxed as we carry on†¦ becoming aware and eager of reaching your goal†¦ bringing in satisfaction of achieving the change you want to achieve†¦ Release any tension in your neck†¦ Feel any tension flowing away from your neck†¦ You are going to relax your shoulders†¦ The top of your back†¦ Your uppe r abdomen, reaching to your lower abdomen†¦ Feel how much more relaxed you are†¦ A feeling that you have never experienced before, while continuing to breathe in and out with your breathing getting much smoother and more gentle†¦ Still concentrating on my voice†¦ Relax your hip muscles†¦ going down to the thighs and knees†¦ You are now feeling the benefits to you and on the way to achieving your goal†¦ Feel yourself getting much more relaxed s any tension continues to flow down your calves reaching the extremities of your toes†¦ Now you are feeling totally relaxed in mind and body†¦ Totally relaxed and ready to achieve the change that you want to achieve. Go through the suggestions from here: You will listen to my voice taking you through the changes you want to make†¦ As you are completely relaxed†¦ you will respond to my suggestion†¦ From now, you will stop smoking†¦ This is your wish and desire on which you will act on from now†¦ No one is able to make the change except yourself†¦ Think of the positives gained by yourself in total command†¦ your response is yours only†¦ You are the only benefactor†¦ Think of the harm cigarettes cause†¦ think of lungs being completely black†¦ foul smell from your mouth†¦your clothes smelling †¦ continue with your breathing in and out†¦ hink of your family†¦ Think of spending money on buying cigarettes as money going down the drain†¦Don’t turn them into passive smokers†¦ your health and that of your family matters†¦You will continue with further sessions which will help you achieve the change†¦ You are now going to come back in this room feeling much more relaxed and refreshed†¦ feeling less tensed as at the start of this session†¦ Think of all the benefits while you are gradually returning back to your normal awareness†¦ You know that you will be able to achieve thi s state when you want and when it is safe to do so. I will count from 1-5 and at 5 you will open your eyes feeling relaxed and refreshed with the sense of some achievements little this maybe for now. 1. Feel the chair/ bed beneath you 2. The noises from inside this room and outside are coming back 3. You are half-way there 4. Still feeling relaxed and refreshed breathing normally 5. Open your eyes gently looking around slowly getting acquainted with your surroundings†¦you are now completely back. Welcome back.